Sea of the Caliphs: The Mediterranean in the Medieval Islamic World

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Sea of the Caliphs: The Mediterranean in the Medieval Islamic World"How could I allow my soldiers to sail on this disloyal and cruel sea?" These words, attributed to the most powerful caliph of medieval Islam, Umar Ibn al Khattab (634 644), have led to a misunderstanding in the West about the importance of the Mediterranean to early Islam. This body of water, known in Late Antiquity as the Sea of the Romans, was critical to establishing the kingdom of the caliphs and for introducing the new religion to Europe and

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